Learn the terms

The 52-week high and low are the highest and lowest prices of the last 252 trading sessions, with companion fields giving today's close as a percentage distance from each extreme.

high_52w, low_52w — prices; pct_from_52w_high — negative %; pct_from_52w_low — positive %

Pivot points are support and resistance levels computed from the previous session's high, low and close — the classic floor-trader formula giving a central pivot with two resistance levels above and two supports below.

pivot, pivot_r1, pivot_r2, pivot_s1, pivot_s2 — prices, from the previous session

Heikin-Ashi candles are recomputed OHLC bars that average each candle with the one before it, smoothing out single-session noise so that runs of trend show as unbroken sequences of one colour.

ha_open, ha_high, ha_low, ha_close — smoothed prices; ha_close > ha_open is a green candle

Chaikin Money Flow measures buying and selling pressure by where each session closes within its range, weighted by volume and averaged over 20 bars — positive readings suggest accumulation, negative distribution.

cmf(20)

Delivery percentage is the share of a stock's daily traded volume actually transferred to demat accounts rather than squared off intraday, reported by the NSE at end of day for every listed stock.

delivery_pct — a percentage, 0-100; delivery_qty — shares taken to demat

Relative volume is today's traded volume divided by the stock's own 20-day average volume, so a reading of 2 means twice the stock's normal activity regardless of how large or small that normal is.

rel_volume — a ratio; 1 is normal, 2 is twice normal

Turnover is the rupee value of a stock's daily trade — closing price multiplied by volume — and is the standard liquidity measure for comparing activity across stocks at very different price levels.

turnover — rupees; suffixes 10cr and 5L are valid values

On-balance volume is a running total that adds the day's full volume when the stock closes up and subtracts it when the stock closes down, tracking cumulative buying and selling pressure over time.

obv — a signed running total; only its direction and relative levels matter

The accumulation/distribution line is a running total of volume weighted by where each close sits within that day's high-low range, crediting volume as buying when closes are near the high and selling when near the low.

acc_dist — a signed running total; direction matters, level does not

Force index multiplies each day's price change by its volume and smooths the result over 13 bars, measuring whether buyers or sellers currently have both direction and size behind them.

force_index — signed, 13-bar smoothed; zero is the line that matters

The simple moving average is the unweighted mean of a stock's closing prices over a chosen number of sessions, smoothing daily noise into a single line that shows where price has been trading.

sma(20) — any period accepted; 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 precomputed

The exponential moving average is a moving average that weights recent closes more heavily than old ones, so it tracks a turn in price sooner than a simple average of the same period.

ema(21) — precomputed at 9, 21, 50, 200

The weighted moving average is a moving average whose weights decline linearly across the window, so the newest close counts most and the oldest counts least — a middle path between the SMA and EMA.

wma(20)

The Hull moving average is Alan Hull's low-lag moving average, built by combining weighted moving averages of different lengths so the line hugs price closely while staying smooth enough to read.

hma(21)

TEMA is the triple exponential moving average — three layers of EMA smoothing combined so that most of the lag the layering would normally add is cancelled out, giving a smooth line that still turns quickly.

tema(20)

The Wilder moving average, or RMA, is J. Welles Wilder's smoothing method — an exponential average with a gentler decay than a standard EMA — and it is the smoothing running inside RSI, ATR and ADX.

rma(14)

The volume-weighted moving average is a moving average in which each session's close is weighted by that session's volume, so the line gravitates toward the prices where the most shares actually changed hands.

vwma(20)

RSI is Wilder's relative strength index, a momentum oscillator scaled 0 to 100 that measures how one-sided recent sessions have been by comparing the average size of up-closes to down-closes.

rsi(14)

The Commodity Channel Index measures how far the typical price has stretched from its own recent average, in units of its own typical deviation — an unbounded oscillator where ±100 marks unusual territory.

cci(20)

The Money Flow Index is a volume-weighted version of RSI: an oscillator scaled 0 to 100 that compares money flowing in on up sessions to money flowing out on down ones over 14 bars.

mfi(14)

MACD (moving average convergence divergence) tracks momentum as the gap between the 12 and 26-period EMAs of price, with a 9-period signal line and a histogram showing whether that gap is widening or shrinking.

macd().line / .signal / .hist

The stochastic oscillator measures where the latest close sits inside the recent high-low range, scaled 0 to 100 — near 100 the stock is closing at the top of its range, near 0 at the bottom.

stoch().k / .d

Williams %R measures where the latest close sits within the highest high and lowest low of the last 14 sessions, on a scale from 0 at the top of the range to -100 at the bottom.

williams_r — scaled -100 to 0; below -80 oversold, above -20 overbought

Stochastic RSI applies the stochastic formula to RSI itself rather than to price, measuring where RSI sits within its own recent range on a 0-100 scale — the most sensitive of the standard oscillators.

stoch_rsi — an index, 0-100; below 20 oversold, above 80 overbought

Rate of change is the percentage difference between today's price and the price 10 sessions ago — the rawest momentum measure there is, with no smoothing and no transformation between price and reading.

roc — a percentage over 10 bars; positive means price is up on two weeks ago

ADX is Wilder's average directional index, a 0–100 gauge of how strongly a stock is trending in either direction — it measures the trend's strength while saying nothing about which way it points.

adx(14)

Supertrend is an ATR-based trailing stop plotted on price — a band that trails below price in an uptrend and above it in a downtrend, flipping sides when price closes through it.

supertrend().value / .dir

Ichimoku is a Japanese trend system built from range midpoints: a 9-period conversion line, a 26-period base line, and two span lines whose gap forms the cloud that price trades above, below, or inside.

ichimoku().conversion / .base / .span_a / .span_b

Aroon measures how recently a stock made its 25-bar high and low, on twin 0–100 scales — a trend gauge built entirely from the timing of extremes, ignoring the size of any move.

aroon_up, aroon_down, aroon().osc

ATR is Wilder's average true range — the average size of a stock's daily trading range over 14 sessions, gaps included, expressed in rupees; it measures how much a stock moves, not which way.

atr(14)

Bollinger Bands are a volatility envelope around a 20-period simple moving average, set two standard deviations above and below it, so the bands widen when price swings grow and tighten when it goes quiet.

bb().upper / .mid / .lower / .pctb / .width

The Donchian channel marks the highest high and lowest low of the last 20 sessions as an envelope around price, making the recent trading range itself a visible, screenable object.

donchian().upper / .mid / .lower

The Keltner channel is a volatility envelope around a 20-period EMA, set two average true ranges above and below it — like Bollinger bands, but breathing with traded range rather than statistical deviation.

keltner().upper / .lower

True range is a single bar's real travel: the largest of the day's high-to-low span and the distances from either extreme back to the previous close, so overnight gaps count as movement.

true_range — a price amount, per bar; usually compared against atr(14)

A doji is a candle whose open and close are nearly equal, leaving almost no body — a session where every push by buyers was matched by sellers, read as indecision rather than direction.

pattern is doji — or within 2 bars for recent prints

A hammer is a candle with a long lower wick and a small body at the top of the range — a session where sellers drove price well down and buyers took all of it back before the close.

pattern is hammer

A shooting star is a candle with a long upper wick and a small body at the bottom of the range — a session where buyers pushed price well up and lost all of it by the close.

pattern is shooting_star

A marubozu is a candle with almost no wicks — the session opened at one extreme and closed at the other, meaning one side controlled the tape from the first print to the last.

pattern is marubozu

A bullish engulfing is a two-candle pattern in which an up bar's body completely swallows the previous down bar's body — one session of buying that overwhelms the whole of the prior session's selling.

pattern is bullish_engulfing

A bearish engulfing is a two-candle pattern in which a down bar's body completely swallows the previous up bar's body — one session of selling that erases and overruns the whole of the prior session's buying.

pattern is bearish_engulfing

A bullish harami is a two-candle pattern in which a small up bar sits entirely inside the previous large down bar's body — after heavy selling, a session where the decline simply failed to continue.

pattern is bullish_harami

A bearish harami is a two-candle pattern in which a small down bar sits entirely inside the previous large up bar's body — after strong buying, a session where the advance failed to continue at the first opportunity.

pattern is bearish_harami

A morning star is a three-candle reversal: a strong down bar, a small-bodied pause, then a strong up bar closing through the midpoint of the first — heavy selling, a stall, and buyers taking control, in that order.

pattern is morning_star — or within 2 bars for recent prints

An evening star is a three-candle top: a strong up bar, a small-bodied pause, then a strong down bar closing through the midpoint of the first — enthusiasm, doubt, and exit, told across three sessions.

pattern is evening_star — or within 2 bars for recent prints

Three white soldiers are three consecutive strong up bars, each closing near its high — a run of sustained, orderly buying that is difficult to produce by accident and is read as persistent demand rather than a spike.

pattern is three_white_soldiers

Three black crows are three consecutive strong down bars, each closing near its low — persistent, orderly selling with no panic in it, read as a campaign of distribution rather than a single bad day.

pattern is three_black_crows — or within 2 bars for recent prints

An inside bar is a session whose entire high-to-low range fits within the previous bar's range — a one-day volatility contraction, read as the market pausing inside yesterday's boundaries before choosing a direction.

pattern is inside_bar

An outside bar is a session whose range contains the whole of the previous bar's — a higher high and a lower low in one day, meaning both sides' levels were broken and the close is the verdict.

pattern is outside_bar